MalaRis Abstract Preface Malaria archive Malaria models Scenarios Data input LMM MSM Simulations 1960-2000 LMM MSM 2001-2050 LMM MSM Future prospects References Abbreviations Glossary Disclaimer

Field studies figure, table reference variable location area position period (YYY1M1-YYY2M2) mosquito species note Abeku et al. 2004 (fig. 2) CMCw Uganda Mparo 1°10'S, 30°02'E 199510-200410 - z(Mparo)=2128 Appawu et al. 2004 (fig. 3) EIR, RRm Ghana Kassena Nankana district 10°30'-11°N, 1°-1°30'W 200106-200205 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus irrigated, lowland, rocky areas Awolola et al. 2002 (fig. ) HBRm, RRm Nigeria Lagos coast 6°27'N, 3°24'E 200001-200012 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles melas, moucheti, arabiensis - Awolola et al. 2002 (tab. 3) CSPRa, EIRa Nigeria Lagos coast 6°27'N, 3°24'E 200001-200012 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles melas, moucheti, arabiensis - Binka et al. 1994 (fig. 1) MALDm, RRm Ghana Kassena Nankana district 10°30'-11°N, 1°-1°30'W 199010-199109 - - Binka et al. 1994 (fig. 2) FEVPRw Ghana Kassena Nankana district 10°30'-11°N, 1°-1°30'W 199010-199109 - - Bockarie et al. 1994 (fig. 1) indoor resting densities, RRm Sierra Leone Nengbema, Mendewa, Nyandeyama, Njala-Komboya see Bockarie et al (1993a); - ,(8°10'N, 11°29'W†), -, - 199001-199104 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles funestus z(Mendewa)=306†, z(Njala-Komboya)>300 Bockarie et al. 1994 (fig. 3) HBRd, RRm Sierra Leone 2 villages in Bo district see Bockarie et al (1993a); - , - 199001-199104 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto ??high/low altitude villages Bockarie et al. 1994 (fig. 4) EIRd Sierra Leone 4 villages in Bo district see Bockarie et al (1993a); - , -, - , - 199001-199104 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto ??mean of high/low altitude villages Boudin et al. 1991a (fig. 1) EIRd, PRm, gametocytes density Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso 11°12'N, 4°18'W† 198501-198602 - savanna area Boudin et al. 1991a (fig. 2) EIRd, PRm, gametocytes density Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso 11°12'N, 4°18'W† 198501-198602 - rice field area Boudin et al. 1991b (fig. 1) anopheline density, parity rate, EIRd Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198501-198602 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili village savanne, irrigated rice; age groups Boudin et al. 1991b (fig. 2) parasite densities per month Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198501-198602 - village savanne, irrigated rice; age groups Boudin et al. 1991b (tab. 1) CSPRm Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198501-198602 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili rice field area Boudin et al. 1991b (tab. 3) PRm Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198501-198602 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili rice field area Boudin et al. 1992 (fig. 1) EIRd, parasite densities per month Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso 11°12'N, 4°18'W† 198501-198602 - village savanne, irrigated rice; age groups Boudin et al. 1992 (fig. 2) infection rate, recovery rate per month Burkina Faso Bobo-Dioulasso 11°12'N, 4°18'W† 198501-198602 - village savanne, irrigated rice; age groups Briet 2002 (fig. 1) HBRd, proportion of parous females Côte d'Ivoire Alloukoukro 7°44'N, 5°06'W† 199101-199211 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato - Briet 2002 (fig. 2) mosquito birth rate, birth rate minus mortality rate Côte d'Ivoire Alloukoukro 6°53'N, 4°30'W† 199101-199211 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato pd can be calculated by the means of the mortality rate, pd=exp(-mortality rate) Cohuet et al. 2004 (fig. 1) RRm, HBRd Cameroon Nkoteng 4°30'N, 12°03'E 199902-200010 Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato - Cohuet et al. 2004 (tab. 2) CSPRm Cameroon Nkoteng 4°30'N, 12°03'E 199902-200010 Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato - Dietz et al. 1974 (fig. 4) HBRd, VC Nigeria Kano State 12°N, 8°30E 197011-197111 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus - Dolo et al. 2004b (fig. 2) EIRd Mali Niono district 14°15'N, 6°00'W† monthly averages for 199509-199802 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus irrigated and non-irrigated villages Dossantos et al. 2004 (fig. 1) HBRd, RRm Brasil Sao Paulo 24°30'S, 27°50'W 199605-200006 Anopheles albitarsis sensu lato - Dossou-Yovo et al. 1995 (fig. 1) HBRm, RRm Côte d'Ivoire Alloukoukro 7°44'N, 5°06'W† <199101-199212 span style=font-style:italic>Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Dossou-Yovo et al. 1995 (fig. 3) monthly averaged EIRd Côte d'Ivoire Alloukoukro 7°44'N, 5°06'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Dossou-Yovo et al. 1995 (tab. 2) parous rates, pd per month,CSPRm Côte d'Ivoire Alloukoukro 7°44'N, 5°06'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Dossou-Yovo et al. 1995 (tab. 3) seasonal EIR, HBR, CSPR Côte d'Ivoire Alloukoukro 7°44'N, 5°06'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Dossou-Yovo et al. 1998 (fig. 1) study site Côte d'Ivoir Bouaké 7°41'N, 5°02'W† - - including rice areas Dossou-Yovo et al. 1998 (fig. 2) RRm Côte d'Ivoir Bouaké 7°41'N, 5°02'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae - Dossou-Yovo et al. 1998 (fig. 3) HBRd, parity ratio Côte d'Ivoir Bouaké 7°41'N, 5°02'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae lowland areas of Kennedy and Sokoura Dossou-Yovo et al. 1998 (fig. 4) HBRd, parity ratio Côte d'Ivoir Bouaké 7°41'N, 5°02'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae areas of rice irrigation Dossou-Yovo et al. 1998 (fig. 5) EIRd Côte d'Ivoir Bouaké 7°41'N, 5°02'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae lowland areas of Kennedy and Sokoura Dossou-Yovo et al. 1998 (fig. 6) EIRd Côte d'Ivoir Bouaké 7°41'N, 5°02'W† 199101-199212 Anopheles gambiae areas of rice irrigation El Sayed et al. 2000 (tab. 1) HBRd Sudan Khartoum 15°35'N, 32°32'E† 199510-199612 Anopheles arabiensis 2 villages Faye et al. 1993 (fig. 1) study sites Senegal Diomandou, Toulde Galle 16°34'N, 14°39'W 199006-199111 - study took place at an irrigated rice field as well as 1 and 5 km away Faye et al. 1993 (tab. 1) averaged HBRd Senegal Diomandou, Toulde Galle 16°34'N, 14°39'W 199006-199111 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato the study took place at an irrigated rice field as well as 1 and 5 km away Faye et al. 1993 (tab. 2) averaged HBRd Senegal Diomandou, Toulde Galle 16°34'N, 14°39'W 199006-199111 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato the study took place at an irrigated rice field as well as 1 and 5 km away Fontenille et al. 1997a (fig. 1) map of the study area Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W - - - Fontenille et al. 1997a (fig. 3) RRm, Tmin, Tmax, HBRd, EIRm Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199204-199503 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus can be used for LMM validation; Dielmo is situated on the marshy bank of a small permanent stream that permits the persistence of anophline larval development sites year round. Fontenille et al. 1997a (tab. 3) EIRa Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199204-199503 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus Dielmo is situated on the marshy bank of a small permanent stream that permits the persistence of anophline larval development sites year round. Fontenille et al. 1997a (tab. 4) EIR4m Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199204-199503 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus Dielmo is situated on the marshy bank of a small permanent stream that permits the persistence of anophline larval development sites year round. Fontenille et al. 1997b (fig. 1) map of the study area Senegal Ndiop 13°41'N, 16°23'W - - - Fontenille et al. 1997b (fig. 2) RRm, Tmin, Tmax, HBRd, EIRm Senegal Ndiop 13°41'N, 16°23'W 199305-199612 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus used for LMM validation Fontenille et al. 1997b (tab. 3) CSPRm Senegal Ndiop 13°41'N, 16°23'W 199305-199612 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus wooded svannah area Garrett-Jones and Shidrawi 1969 (fig. ) MOSQm Nigeria Kankiya 12°33'N, 7°50'E 196705-196712 Anopheles gambiae - Githeko et al. 2001 (fig. 1) INCm Kenya Kisii district 0°41'S, 34°46'E† 199601-199912 - z(Kisii)=1798† Githeko et al. 2001 (fig. 5) INCm, monthly Tmin and Tmax anomalies Kenya Kakamega 0°17'N, 34°47'E† 199701-199912 - z(Kakamega)=1524†; the malaria cases are from the Mukumu hospital (unknown location) Githeko et al. 2001 (fig. 7) INCm Kenya Kakamega 0°17'N, 34°47'E† 199701-199912 - z(Kakamega)=1524†; the malaria cases are from the Mukumu hospital (unknown location) Greenwood et al. 1987 (fig. 3) FEVPRm, parasitaemia ratio Gambia Farafenni area 13°42'N, 15°36'W† 198204-198303 - children under 7 years Hagmann et al. 2003 (fig. 1) study area Principe - 1°35'N, 7°25'E 199905-199908 - - Hagmann et al. 2003 (fig. 3) FEVPR5d Principe - 1°35'N, 7°25'E 199905-199908 - - Hamad et al. 2002 (fig. 1) number of immature mosquitoes, RRm, MOSQm, Tmax, Tmin, RH, NDVIm Sudan Asar, Daraweesh, Gedaref (13°45'N, 35°15'E), (14°15'N, 35°30'E), (14°02'N, 35°24'E♣) 199404-199510 Anopheles arabiensis can be used for LMM validation Hamad et al. 2002 (fig. 2) parasite rate, NDVIm, MOSQm Sudan Asar, Daraweesh, Gedaref (13°45'N, 35°15'E), (14°15'N, 35°30'E), (14°02'N, 35°24'E♣) 199404-199510 Anopheles arabiensis can be used for LMM validation Hamad et al. 2002 (fig. 3) CMCm, MOSQm Sudan Asar, Daraweesh, Gedaref (13°45'N, 35°15'E), (14°15'N, 35°30'E), (14°02'N, 35°24'E♣) 199404-199510 Anopheles arabiensis can be used for LMM validation Hay et al. 1998b (fig. 1) CMCm Kenya Kilifi, Siaya (3°38'S, 39°51'E†), (0°04'N, 34°17'E†) monthly averages for 199001-199412 - monthly percentages of the total annual malaria cases Hay et al. 2000b (fig. ) locations according to EIRa data Africa - - after 1980 - - Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 1a) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species Benin, Burkina Faso - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 1b) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 1c) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, The Gambia - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 1d) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species The Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 1e) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species Senegal, Sierra Leone - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 1f) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species Sierra Leone, Tanzania - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 2) EIRa, CSPR, HBRa, malaria season, transmission by mosquito species Tanzania - - after 1980 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato : Anopheles funestus : other species indicated are also the land use, study site and the reference Hay et al. 2000b (tab. 3) variance in EIRa values Burkina Faso, Kenya, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, The Gambia, all Africa - - after 1980 - - Hay et al. 2001 (fig. 1) CMCm Kenya Wajir, Kericho (1°45'N, 40°04'E†), (0°22'S, 35°17'E†) monthly averages for 199101-199812 and 196501-199812 - adults, children; z(Kericho)=2096† Hay et al. 2001 (fig. 2) RRm, CMCm, predicted CMCm Kenya Wajir 1°45'N, 40°04'E† 199101-199812 - - Hay et al. 2001 (fig. 3) CMCm, detrended CMCm, spectral density of CMCm Kenya Kericho 0°22'S, 35°17'E† 196504-199812 - z(Kericho)=2096 Hay et al. 2002b (fig. 1) CMCm, adult:child ratios per month Kenya Kilgoris, Kisii, Tabaka (1°00'S, 34°53'E†), (0°41'S, 34°46'E†), (0°43'S, 34°43'E˜) 198001-199912, 198701-200012 and 198101-200012 - adults, children; z(Kilgoris)=1828†, z(Kisii)=1798†, z(Tabaka)>1600˜ Hay et al. 2002b (fig. 2) CMCm Kenya Kilgoris, Kisii, Tabaka (1°00'S, 34°53'E†), (0°41'S, 34°46'E†), (0°43'S, 34°43'E˜) 198001-199912, 198701-200012 and 198101-200012 - children under 15 years; z(Kilgoris)=1828†, z(Kisii)=1798†, z(Tabaka)>1600˜ Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2a) EIRa, PR Benin, Burkina Faso - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2b) EIRa, PR Burkina Faso - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2c) EIRa, PR Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2d) EIRa, PR Cameroon, Congo, Cô d'Ivoir, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2e) EIRa, PR Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gabon, The Gambia - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2f) EIRa, PR The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2g) EIRa, PR Kenya - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2h) EIRa, PR Kenya, Liberia - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2i) EIRa, PR Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Senegal - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2k) EIRa, PR Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2l) EIRa, PR Senegal, Sierra Leone - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2l) EIRa, PR Tanzania - - after 1980 - indicated are also the land use, location of the study site and the reference Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2m) references 1-26 - - - - - - Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2n) references 27-51 - - - - - - Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2o) references 52-78 - - - - - - Hay et al. 2005a (tab. S2p) references 79-97 - - - - - - Henry et al. 2003 (fig. 4) EIRd, CMCd Côte d'Ivoir 24 (8 for each category) villages in northern Côte d'Ivoir about 9°00'-10°00'N, 5°00'-6°00'W 199612-199802 - R0=no rice cultivation, R1=rice cropping during rainy season, R2=rice water control cropping; children Hoshen and Morse 2004 (fig. 6) CMC??, RRm, LMM-INC?? Zimbabwe Hwange 18°22'S, 26°29'E† 199601-199912 - can be used for LMM validation; z(Hwange)=784 Konate et al. 1994 (fig. 1) HBRm Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199004-199203 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Dielmo is situated at a small river, that enabels year around larval sites Konate et al. 1994 (fig. 6) EIRm for different malaria parasites Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199004-199203 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Dielmo is situated at a small river, that enabels year around larval sites Konate et al. 1994 (tab. 2) CSPR differentiated for the rainy and dry season Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199004-199203 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Dielmo is situated at a small river, that enabels year around larval sites Konate et al. 1994 (tab. 3) entomological parameters, e.g. pd Senegal Dielmo 13°45'N, 16°25'W 199004-199203 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Dielmo is situated at a small river, that enabels year around larval sites Koudou et al. 2005 (tab. 3) HBRm Côte d'Ivoire Zatta, Tié,mé,lé,kro (6°53'N, 5°23'W), (6°30N, 4°10W) 200202-200308 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Zatta: rice irrigation; Tié,mé,lé,kro: market gardening Koudou et al. 2005 (tab. 4) CSPRm Côte d'Ivoire Zatta, Tiémélékro (6°53'N, 5°23'W), (6°30N, 4°10W) 200202-200308 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Zatta: rice irrigation; Tiémélékro: market gardening - Koudou et al. 2005 (tab. 6) EIRd Côte d'Ivoire Zatta, Tiémélékro (6°53'N, 5°23'W), (6°30N, 4°10W) 200202-200308 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus Zatta: rice irrigation; Tiémélékro: market gardening - Magesa et al. 1991 (fig. 1) MOSQ3m Tanzania Mlingano, Umba, Mng'aza, Kumbamtoni, Mindu (5°04'S, 38°55'E†), 5°10'S, 38°'52E†), see Njunwa et al. 1991, (5°17'S, 38°50'E†), (5°24'S, 38°57'E†) 198701-198912 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Culex quinquefasciatus - Malakooti et al. 1998 (fig. 2) CMCm, Tm, Tmin,m, Tmax,m Kenya Kericho 0°22'S, 35°17'E 199001-199801 - used for LMM validation Malakooti et al. 1998 (fig. 3) CMCm, RRm, Tm Kenya Kericho 0°22'S, 35°17'E 199008-199801 - used for LMM validation Malakooti et al. 1998 (fig. 4) CMCm, MALD Kenya Kericho 0°22'S, 35°17'E 199102-199802 - used for LMM validation Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 10) HBR14d Nigeria Rafin Marke 12°29'N, 9°02'E† 197011-197310 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus spraying in 1972 and 1973 Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 11) HBR14d Nigeria Sugungum 12°20'N, 8°58'E† 197011-197310 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus spraying in 1972 and 1973 Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 19) MOSQ, HBRd, RRm Nigeria Rafin Marke, Nasakar (12°29'N, 9°02'E†), (12°28'N, 9°07'E†) 197105-197512 - 1974 and 1975 after spraying Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 20) PR, parasite density Nigeria Garky district 12°26'N, 9°11'E† 197001-197212 - - Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 3) RR14d, Tmin,14d, Tmax,14d, RHmin,14d, RHmax,14d Nigeria Garki district 12°26'N, 9°11'E† 197111-197211 - - Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 68) MALD10w Nigeria Garki district 12°26'N, 9°11'E† 197001-197312 - no malaria control Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 7) HBRd Nigeria Kwaru 12°22'N, 8°54'E♦ 197011-197310 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 8) MOSQ14d Nigeria Kwaru 12°22'N, 8°54'E♦ 197011-197310 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus females per hut Molineaux and Gramiccia 1980 (fig. 9) MOSQ14d, RRd Nigeria Ajura 12°29'N, 8°56'E† 197503-197511 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Patz et al. 1998 (fig. 1) HBRw, Tmin,w, RRw Kenya Kisian, Kisumu (0°06'S, 34°40'E♠), (0°06'S, 34°45'E♣) 198604-198805 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus might be used for LMM validation; permanent larval habitats, including papyrus swamps, occur in proximity to Lake Victoria; z(Kisumu)=1146, Kisumu Airport is located 5 km away from the study site Robert et al. 1985 (fig. 1) RRm Burkina Faso Dandé, Tago, Kongodjan, Vallée du Kou (11°35'N, 4°34'W†), (12°58'N, 2°38'W†), (10°54'N, 5°01'W†), (11°28'N, 4°18'W†) 198301-198412 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus - Robert et al. 1985 (fig. 2) HBRm Burkina Faso Dandé, Tago, Kongodjan, Vallée du Kou (11°35'N, 4°34'W†), (12°58'N, 2°38'W†), (10°54'N, 5°01'W†), (11°28'N, 4°18'W†) 198301-198412 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus areas: Soudanian-savannah (traditional), swampland, rice irrigation Robert et al. 1985 (fig. 3) monthly averaged EIRd Burkina Faso Dandé, Tago, Kongodjan, Vallée du Kou (11°35'N, 4°34'W†), (12°58'N, 2°38'W†), (10°54'N, 5°01'W†), (11°28'N, 4°18'W†) 198301-198412 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus areas: Soudanian-savannah (traditional), swampland, rice irrigation Robert et al. 1985 (tab. 1) HBRa Burkina Faso Dandé, Tago, Kongodjan, Vallée du Kou (11°35'N, 4°34'W†), (12°58'N, 2°38'W†), (10°54'N, 5°01'W†), (11°28'N, 4°18'W†) 198301-198412 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus areas: Soudanian-savannah (traditional), swampland, rice irrigation Robert et al. 1985 (tab. 2) CSPRa Burkina Faso Dandé, Tago, Kongodjan, Vallée du Kou (11°35'N, 4°34'W†), (12°58'N, 2°38'W†), (10°54'N, 5°01'W†), (11°28'N, 4°18'W†) 198301-198412 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus areas: Soudanian-savannah (traditional), swampland, rice irrigation Robert et al. 1985 (tab. 3) EIRa Burkina Faso Dandé, Tago, Kongodjan, Vallée du Kou (11°35'N, 4°34'W†), (12°58'N, 2°38'W†), (10°54'N, 5°01'W†), (11°28'N, 4°18'W†) 198301-198412 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus areas: Soudanian-savannah (traditional), swampland, rice irrigation Robert et al. 1988 (fig. 2) HBRd Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198502-198602 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili can be used for LMM validation Robert et al. 1988 (fig. 4) HBRd, EIRd Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198502-198602 Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili can be used for LMM validation Robert et al. 1988 (tab. 1) RRm, Tm Burkina Faso Karangasso 11°13'N, 4°38'W† 198501-198512 - can be used for LMM validation Sissoko et al. 2004 (fig. 1) PR Mali Niono district 14°15'N, 6°00'W† 199509-199804 - Ténégué, Tissana and Niessoumana are located in the irrigated zone; children from 0-14 years Sissoko et al. 2004 (fig. 3) FEVPRd Mali Niono district 14°15'N, 6°00'W† 199610-199710 - Ténégué is located in the irrigated zone; children up to 14 years Sissoko et al. 2004 (fig. 4) FEVPRd, EIRd Mali Niono district 14°15'N, 6°00'W† 199609-199710 - Ténégué is located in the irrigated zone; children up to 14 years Smith et al. 1995 (fig. 2) MOSQd Tanzania Namawala 8°09'S, 36°24'E 199001-199012 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, Anopheles funestus - Thomson et al. 1999 (fig. 2) NDVI10d, MOSQ10d, EIR10d The Gambia Jahally 13.33'N, 14.54'W♥ 199206-199211 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato - Velema et al. 1991 (fig. 2) FEVPRm Benin Pahou 6°23'N, 2°13'E 198904-198912 Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles melas in the dry season malaria transmission is mainly maintained by Anopheles melas Vercruysse 1985 (fig. 1) HBRm Senegal Pikine 14°45'N, 17°24'W† 198112-198212 Anopheles arabiensis presence of swamps; mosquito age groups (P,NP1 and NP2) Vercruysse et al. 1983 (tab. 1) monthly HBRd, CSPRm, monthly pd,monthly EIRd Senegal Pikine 14°45'N, 17°24'W† 197912-198012 Anopheles arabiensis swamps dry out during the dry season Worral et al. 2007 (fig. 2) CMC14d?? Zimbabwe Hwange district 18°22'S, 26°29'E 199401-199803 - might be useful for LMM validation Notes † position taken from http://www.heavens-above.com/countries.aspx ˜ position roughly rated from Fig. 2 in Hay et al. (2002c) ♠ position roughly rated from information provided by Patz et al. (1998) ♣ position of the meteorological station ♥ that is the position of Sapu, located in the vicinity of Jahally ♦ position roughly rated from Fig. 1 in Molineaux and Gramiccia (1980) ◊ position taken from Hay et al. (2005a)